Against what bases are queries against your data evaluated? If you only expose a single “data base” that changes over time, then data citations cannot be a combination of query and basis.

Many tests use oracles, where you know the answers for some inputs and you check those correspondences.

In a collaboration, data objects are produced at many sites. To make the data objects findable, you may steward a central, searchable index for their metadata.

One powerful mechanism of robustness is exploratory behavior, for which the desired outcome is produced by a generate-and-test mechanism.